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to their evolutionary origins, biogeography,

habitat preferences, trophic ecology life

cycles, morphological and physiological adap-

tations, and taxonomy. Great emphasis is

placed on the ability of the student to identify

these insects and to associate them with the

ecological conditions under which they are

found. Extensive field laboratory studies are

made both individually and as a class.

PYMA620 FOREST ECOLOGY

3 sem. hrs.

The study of the ecology, management, and

conservation of forest ecosystems focusing on

the eastern deciduous forest biome.

PYMA621 ECOLOGICAL

MANAGEMENT 3 sem. hrs.

This course introduces students to the princi-

ples and field methods of ecology and its

application in ecosystem assessment method-

ologies, environmental regulation, and ecosys-

tem management strategies.

PYMA622 WILDLIFE

MANAGEMENT 3 sem. hrs.

An introduction to management practices used

to manipulate game animal populations and

their habitats. Techniques such as species

identification, aging and sexing, population

censusing, and radiotelemetry will be empha-

sized.

PYMA623 AVIAN ECOLOGY

3 sem. hrs.

This field work course studies the evolution,

behavior, and ecology of birds. It emphasizes

the identification of local species and experi-

mental methods in the field.

PYMA624 ECOPHYSIOLOGY

3 sem. hrs.

The adaptations of animals to deal with spe-

cialized environmental situations are studied

across a spectrum of biological levels (bio-

chemical to organismal). Thermal relations,

water balance, and bioenergetics are major

topics in the course.

PYMA625 FIELD METHODS IN

BIOGEOGRAPHY

3 sem. hrs.

A hands-on introduction to methods used by

biogeographers to study the spatial and tempo-

ral patterns of species distributions, including

measures of biodiversity, plot vs. plotless sam-

pling methods, tree ring analysis, species dis-

tribution maps, GIS, and data analysis meth-

ods.

PYMA626 AQUATIC BOTANY

3 sem. hrs.

Emphasis on recognition of the freshwater

algae and aquatic vascular in field communi-

ties and on the methods of quantifying their

relative members and mass. Prerequisite: per-

mission of the instructor.

PYMA633 FIELD BOTANY 3 sem. hrs.

This field work course emphasizes identifica-

tion of native herbaceous and woody plants in

terrestrial communities and quantitative meth-

ods for analyzing relative densities, biomass,

and ecological relationships.

PYMA636 MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

3 sem. hrs.

This field work course studies the interrela-

tions among microorganisms, their processes,

and their environments through lecture, labo-

ratory and field experiences. It emphasizes the

descriptive process and the important features

in the life histories of special groups of decom-

posers which enable them to thrive in particu-

lar habitats. Prerequisite: PYMA634 or

BIOL533 or BIOL220 or consent of the

instructor.

PYMA639 FIELD ENTOMOLOGY

3 sem. hrs.

This field work course analyzes the systemat-

ics, natural history and ecology of insects. It

surveys to order the local insect fauna through

field observation and collection. It also studies

selected lower taxonomic levels.

PYMA641 MAMMALIAN ECOLOGY

3 sem. hrs.

This field work course studies mammals of

Pennsylvania, emphasizing the ecology of dis-

tribution, community structure, and physiolog-

ical ecology.

PYMA651 ECOLOGY OF

AMPHIBIANS AND

REPTILES

3 sem. hrs.

Students will make field collections and iden-

tifications of reptiles and amphibians, and

learn about aspects of ecology, morphology,

physiology, taxonomic diversity, systematic

practice, evolutionary biology, and conserva-

tion biology as they relate to these animals.

PYMA699 FIELD RESEARCH

1-6 sem. hrs.

This course in field research, to be taught at

Pymatuning during the summer, involves stu-

dents and professors from Edinboro Universi-

ty, Clarion University, Indiana University, and

the University of Pittsburgh. The research

project and course content change each sum-

mer depending on the instructor. Credit hours

depend on the amount of responsibility

assigned to students. Prerequisite: graduate

student in biology; junior or senior biology

major, with permission of instructor.

PYMA755 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

IN ECOLOGY

3 sem. hrs.

Emphasis will be on the design of ecological

investigations in natural communities, analy-

sis of data and interpretation of results. A vari-

ety of investigations will be conducted in ter-

restrial and aquatic habitats dealing with

dynamic aspects of ecosystem components.

Biology Courses

BIOL500

ECOLOGY (Fall) 4 sem. hrs.

This course studies plants and animals in rela-

tion to their physical and biological environ-

ments and considers special topics such as dis-

tribution factors, life zones, food chains, and

adaptations. It pays special attention to animal

and plant communities in northwestern Penn-

sylvania. It includes lecture and laboratory.

Prerequisites: BIOL230 and BIOL240.

BIOL520

PLANT ANATOMY (Fall

Odd Years)

3 sem. hrs.

A study of plant structure emphasizing the

interrelationships of cells, tissues and organs.

Primary attention is given to the Meta phyta.

Prerequisite: BIOL230, with lab. 2 hours lec-

ture, 3 hours lab.

BIOL521

PLANT TAXONOMY (Fall

Even Years)

3 sem. hrs.

A consideration of taxonomic concepts prima-

rily as they relate to the tracheophytes. A study

is made from the taxon-level of family to

species involving the problems of identifica-

tion, classification and nomenclature with con-

sideration emphasis on field work. Lecture and

laboratory. Prerequisite: BIOL230, with lab. 2

hours lecture, 3 hours lab.

BIOL522

MYCOLOGY (Fall Even

Years)

3 sem. hrs.

A taxonomic study of the fungi considering

primarily their morphology and their life

cycle, Lecture, laboratory and field trips. Pre-

requisite: BIOL230, with lab. 2 hours lecture,

3 hours lab.

BIOL523

ALGOLOGY (Fall Odd

Years)

3 sem. hrs.

A study of cytology, genetics and morphology

as they relate to function; identification, clas-

sification, life histories, economic importance

and ecological relations of the algae with

emphasis on the algae of the region. Prerequi-

site: BIOL230, with lab. 2 hours lecture, 3

hours lab.

BIOL537

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

(Fall Even Years) 3 sem. hrs.

This course provides an overview of the histo-

ry and current status of species extinction and

global loss of biodiversity. The course surveys

methods used to conserve animal and plant life

and wildlife habitat in the United States and

around the world, and discusses conservation

activities and needs in societal, cultural, eco-

nomic, and political contexts. Prerequisite:

BIOL230 or BIOL240 or the permission of

instructor.

BIOL540

ENTOMOLOGY (Fall Even

Years)

3 sem. hrs.

A general study of the insects, including struc-

Biology Program/45